Strategija: Skirtumas tarp puslapio versijų
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Eilutė 52:
Rytų karinė filosofija pastebimą daug ankščiau, su pavyzdžiais, kaip antai "The Art of War aut. Sun Tzu maždaug 500 m. Prieš kristų.<ref name="Lionel Giles 2007">{{aut|Giles, Lionel}} ''The Art of War by Sun Tzu - Special Edition''. Special Edition Books. 2007.</ref>
==Management theory==
{{main|Strategic management}}
{{quote box|width = 300px|quote=The essence of formulating competitive strategy is relating a company to its environment.|source=[[Michael Porter]]<ref name="Porter1980">{{cite book| last = Porter| first = Michael E.| year = 1980 | title = [[Competitive Strategy]] | publisher = Free Press | isbn = 0-684-84148-7}}</ref>}}
Modern business strategy emerged as a field of study and practice in the 1960s; prior to that time, the words "strategy" and "competition" rarely appeared in the most prominent management literature.<ref name="LOS2010">{{cite book
| last = Kiechel
| first = Walter
| year = 2010
| title = [[The Lords of Strategy]] | publisher = Harvard Business Press
| isbn = 978-1-59139-782-3}}</ref><ref name="Ghemawat1">{{cite journal
| last = Ghemawat
| first = Pankaj
| title = Competition and Business Strategy in Historical Perspective
| journal = Business History Review
| date = Spring 2002
| url = http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=264528
| publisher = Harvard Business Review
}}</ref>
[[Alfred Chandler]] wrote in 1962 that: "Strategy is the determination of the basic long-term goals of an enterprise, and the adoption of courses of action and the allocation of resources necessary for carrying out these goals."<ref>Chandler, Alfred ''Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the history of industrial enterprise'', Doubleday, New York, 1962.</ref> [[Michael Porter]] defined strategy in 1980 as the "...broad formula for how a business is going to compete, what its goals should be, and what policies will be needed to carry out those goals" and the "...combination of the ''ends'' (goals) for which the firm is striving and the ''means'' (policies) by which it is seeking to get there."<ref name="Porter1980">{{cite book
| last = Porter
| first = Michael E.
| year = 1980
| title = [[Competitive Strategy]] | publisher = Free Press
| isbn = 0-684-84148-7}}</ref>
[[Henry Mintzberg]] described five definitions of strategy in 1998:
* Strategy as plan – a directed course of action to achieve an ''intended'' set of goals; similar to the strategic planning concept;
* Strategy as pattern – a consistent pattern of past behavior, with a strategy ''realized'' over time rather than planned or ''intended''. Where the realized pattern was different from the intent, he referred to the strategy as ''emergent'';
* Strategy as position – locating brands, products, or companies within the market, based on the conceptual framework of consumers or other stakeholders; a strategy determined primarily by factors outside the firm;
* Strategy as ploy – a specific maneuver intended to outwit a competitor; and
* Strategy as perspective – executing strategy based on a "theory of the business" or natural extension of the mindset or ideological perspective of the organization.<ref>Mintzberg, H. Ahlstrand, B. and Lampel, J. ''Strategy Safari : A Guided Tour Through the Wilds of Strategic Management'', The Free Press, New York, 1998.</ref>
==Strategies in game theory==
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