Šimkūnai (Joniškis): Skirtumas tarp puslapio versijų

Ištrintas turinys Pridėtas turinys
Nėra keitimo santraukos
Žyma: Žyma: Išmestos nuorodos
Glaisher (aptarimas | indėlis)
Reverted 1 edit by 160.83.30.199 (talk). (TW)
Eilutė 1:
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Infobox person
|name= Jean-Charles "JC" Helle
| honorific_prefix =
|image= Mcnish.png
| name = Petur Gabrovski
|caption= Photo of McNish cropped from the 1914–1917 [[Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition]] crew photo.
| honorific_suffix =
|image_size=86x86px
| native_name =
|birth_date= {{birth date|1985|02|29|df=y}}
| native_name_lang =
|birth_place= [[Port Glasgow]], [[Inverclyde]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]
| image = <!-- just the name, without the File: or Image: prefix or enclosing [[brackets]] -->
|dead=alive
| image_size =
|death_date= {{-}}
| alt =
|occupation= [[Segregator]]
| caption =
|spouse= princess of aggregation
| birth_name = Petur Dimitrov Gabrovski
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1898|7|9}}
| birth_place = [[Razgrad]], [[Kingdom of Bulgaria]]
| disappeared_date = <!-- {{Disappeared date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (disappeared date then birth date) -->
| disappeared_place =
| disappeared_status =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1945|2|1|1898|7|9}}
| death_place = [[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]]
| death_cause =
| body_discovered =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} -->
| monuments =
| residence =
| nationality = [[Bulgaria]]n
| other_names =
| ethnicity = <!-- Ethnicity should be supported with a citation from a reliable source -->
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Lawyer
| years_active =
| employer =
| organization =
| agent =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| style =
| influences =
| influenced =
| home_town =
| salary =
| net_worth = <!-- Net worth should be supported with a citation from a reliable source -->
| height = <!-- {{height|m=}} -->
| weight = <!-- {{convert|weight in kg|kg|lb}} -->
| television =
| title = [[List of Prime Ministers of Bulgaria|Prime Minister of Bulgaria]]
| term = 9 September - 14 September 1943
| predecessor = [[Bogdan Filov]]
| successor = [[Dobri Bozhilov]]
| party =
| movement = [[Ratnik|Ratniks of the Advancement of the Bulgarian National Spirit]]
| opponents =
| boards =
| religion = <!-- Religion should be supported with a citation from a reliable source -->
| denomination = <!-- Denomination should be supported with a citation from a reliable source -->
| criminal_charge = <!-- Criminality parameters should be supported with citations from reliable sources -->
| criminal_penalty =
| criminal_status =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| callsign =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| module =
| module2 =
| module3 =
| module4 =
| module5 =
| module6 =
| website = <!-- {{URL|Example.com}} -->
| footnotes =
| box_width =
}}
'''Petur Dimitrov Gabrovski''' ({{Lang-bg|Петър Димитров Габровски}}) (9 July 1898 - 1 February 1945<ref>[http://rulers.org/indexg1.html Rulers: Index Ga-Gb]</ref>) was a [[Bulgaria]]n politician who briefly served as [[List of Prime Ministers of Bulgaria|Prime Minister]] during the [[World War II|Second World War]]. Gabrovski was a lawyer by profession.<ref>Frederick B. Chary, ''The Bulgarian Jews and the Final Solution, 1940-1944'', University of Pittsburgh Press, 1972, p. 36</ref> He was also a member of the Grand [[Masonic Lodge]] of Bulgaria.<ref>Frederick B. Chary, ''The History of Bulgaria'', ABC-CLIO, 2011, p. 95</ref>
 
'''Henry McNish''' (11 September 1874 – 24 September 1930), often referred to as '''Harry McNeish''' or by the nickname '''Chippy''', was the carpenter on Sir [[Ernest Shackleton]]'s [[Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition]] of 1914–1917. He was responsible for much of the work that ensured the crew's survival after their ship, the ''[[Endurance (1912 ship)|Endurance]]'', was destroyed when it became trapped in pack ice in the [[Weddell Sea]]. He modified the small boat, ''[[James Caird (boat)|James Caird]]'', that allowed Shackleton and five men (including McNish) to make a voyage of hundreds of miles to fetch help for the rest of the crew. He briefly refused to follow orders on the crew's long trek pulling the boats across the pack ice, and, despite his efforts during the journey, was one of only four of the crew not to receive the [[Polar Medal]].<ref name="South">{{cite book|title=South|author=Sir Ernest Shackleton|origyear=1919|year=1999|publisher=Penguin Books|location=Great Britain|isbn=978-0-14-028886-5|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/5199}}</ref>
Gabrovski began his political career as a [[Nazism|Nazi]], forming his own movement the Ratniks of the Advancement of the Bulgarian National Spirit (''Ratnitsi Napreduka na Bulgarshtinata'') - more commonly known as [[Ratnik]] or the Ratnitsi. The group was virulently [[Anti-Semitism|Anti-Semitic]] and was said to have links to [[Nazi Germany]], although it failed to achieve anything approaching a mass following.<ref>Chary, ''The Bulgarian Jews and the Final Solution'', p. 8</ref>
 
After the expedition he returned to work in the [[British Merchant Navy|Merchant Navy]] and eventually emigrated to New Zealand, where he worked on the docks in [[Wellington, New Zealand|Wellington]] until poor health forced his retirement. He died destitute in the Ohiro Benevolent Home in Wellington.
Gabrovski's political career took off in October 1939 when he was brought into the cabinet of [[Georgi Kyoseivanov]] as minister responsible for the railways, with his appointment to the cabinet seeing him resigning from the Ratnitsi.<ref>Chary, ''The Bulgarian Jews and the Final Solution'', p. 17</ref> In the cabinet established by [[Bogdan Filov]] in 1940 he was promoted to the post of [[Ministry of Interior (Bulgaria)|Minister of the Interior]].<ref>Mary C. Neuburger, ''Balkan Smoke: Tobacco and the Making of Modern Bulgaria'', Cornell University Press, 2012, p. 145</ref> In this role Gabrovski was quick to enact laws limiting the role of [[Jew]]s in Bulgarian life and expelled several hundred recently arrived Jews, who had hoped to gain entry into [[Mandatory Palestine]] from Bulgaria, forcing them to go to [[Turkey]] instead.<ref name="Wyman"/> He also sent [[Alexander Belev]], a fellow lawyer and Ratnik whom he appointed to a post in the ministry, to [[Nazi Germany]] to make a study of their [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany|racial laws]].<ref name="Wyman">David S. Wyman, Charles H. Rosenzveig, ''The World Reacts to the Holocaust'', JHU Press, 1996, p. 264</ref> He subsequently became associated with the transportation of [[Jew]]s to [[concentration camp]]s and most notoriously signed a written agreement to approve the transportation of 20,000 Jews from [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]] and [[Thrace]] on 22 February 1943.<ref>Chary, ''The Bulgarian Jews and the Final Solution'', p. 83</ref>
 
== Early life ==
Following the death of [[Boris III of Bulgaria|Boris III]] Gabrovski served as [[Acting (law)|acting]] Prime Minister between 9 September and 14 September 1943, whilst the country's main political leaders served as regents for [[Simeon II of Bulgaria|Simeon II]].<ref name="Chary112"/> He was overlooked for the job full-time however and his position waned from there on as he was seen as too strong a rival for power.<ref name="Chary112">Chary, ''The History of Bulgaria'', p. 112</ref> Gabrovski was executed under the [[Fatherland Front (Bulgaria)|Fatherland Front]] government in 1945.<ref>John Laughland, ''History of Political Trials: From Charles I to Saddam Hussein'', Peter Lang, 2008, p. 153</ref>
Harry "Chippy" McNish was born in 1874 in the former Lyons Lane near the present site of the library in [[Port Glasgow]], [[Renfrewshire]], Scotland.<ref name="GT">{{cite web|work=Greenock Telegraph|date=2006-10-19|url= http://www.greenocktelegraph.co.uk/articles/1/7672| title='Chippy' honoured|accessdate=13 September 2012}}</ref>{{Ref_label|A|a|none}} He was part of a large family, being the third of eleven children born to John and Mary Jane (née Wade) McNish. His father was a [[journeyman]] [[shoemaker]]. McNish held strong socialist views, was a member of the [[United Free Church of Scotland]] and detested bad language.<ref name="landl">{{cite web|url=http://www.visitandlearn.co.uk/factfiles05/obit21.asp|title=Endurance Obituaries: Henry McNish|publisher=Endurance Tracking project|year=2005|accessdate=9 November 2006|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060209192539/http://www.visitandlearn.co.uk/factfiles05/obit21.asp |archivedate = February 9, 2006|deadurl=yes}}</ref> He married three times: in 1895 to Jessie Smith, who died in February 1898; in 1898 to Ellen Timothy, who died in December 1904; and finally to Lizzie Littlejohn in 1907.
 
There is some confusion as to the correct spelling of his name. He is variously referred to as McNish,<ref name="JCS">{{cite web|publisher=The James Caird Society|date=2006-11-03|url=http://www.jamescairdsociety.com/latest.php|title=Shackleton news|accessdate=8 November 2006}}</ref> McNeish,<ref name="South"/> and in [[Alexander Macklin]]'s diary of the expedition, MacNish.<ref name="AM1">{{cite web|url=http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/library/archives/shackleton/images/p5062279.html|title=Virtual Shackleton: Alexander Macklin's diary, of Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition (page)|author=Alexander Hepburne Macklin|publisher=Scott Polar Research Institute|location=Cambridge, UK|date=2004-07-29|accessdate=9 November 2006}}</ref> The McNeish spelling is common, notably in Shackleton's and [[Frank Worsley]]'s accounts of the expedition and on McNish's headstone, but McNish is also widely used,<ref name="JCS" /><ref>{{cite web|publisher=American Museum of Natural History|year=2001|url=http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/past-exhibitions/shackleton/the-expedition/beset|title=The Expedition: Beset|accessdate=8 November 2006}} (Identifying the accompanying diary entry as being from the diary of Henry "Chippy" McNish)</ref> and appears to be the correct version.<ref name="USGG">{{cite web|url={{gnis3|type=antarid|9763}}|title=Antarctica Feature Detail: McNish Island|publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior: U.S. Geological Survey|date=1998-09-25|accessdate=9 November 2006}}</ref> On a signed copy of the expedition photo his signature appears as "H. MacNish", but his spelling is in general idiosyncratic, as revealed in the diary he kept throughout the expedition.<ref name="hurley">{{cite book|title=South With Endurance: Shackleton's Antarctic Expedition 1914–1917: The Photographs of Frank Hurley|pages=10–31|author=Tamiko Rex (ed.)|publisher=Bloomsbury|location=London|year=2001|isbn=0-7475-7534-7}}</ref> There also is a question regarding McNish's nickname. "Chippy" was a traditional nickname for a [[shipwright]];<ref name="RN">{{cite web|url=http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.3807|title=Navy Slang|publisher=Ministry of Defense/Royal Navy|year=2006|accessdate=17 November 2006}}{{dead link|date=September 2013}}</ref> both this and the shorter "Chips" (as in wood chips from carpentry) seem to have been used.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=The Antarctic Circle|date=2006-08-19|url=http://www.antarctic-circle.org/nicknames.htm|title=Some Antarctic Nicknames|accessdate=8 November 2006}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}
 
== Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition ==
{{S-start}}
=== ''Endurance'' ===
{{s-off}}
The aim of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition was to be the first to cross the [[Antarctic]] [[continent]] from one side to the other. McNish was apparently attracted by Shackleton's advertisement for the expedition<ref name="PBS">{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/2906_shacklet.html|title=Transcript:Shackleton's Voyage of Endurance|publisher=PBS|date=2002-03-26|accessdate=8 November 2006}}</ref> (although there are doubts as to whether the advertisement ever appeared):<ref name="quote">{{cite web|url=http://www.antarctic-circle.org/advert.htm|title=Shackleton Quote|publisher=The Antarctic Circle|accessdate=17 November 2006}}</ref>
{{Succession box|title=[[List of Prime Ministers of Bulgaria|Prime Minister of Bulgaria]] |before=[[Bogdan Filov]]|after= [[Dobri Bozhilov]]|years=1943}}
{{S-end}}
{{BulgarianPrimeMinisters}}
 
== Notes ==
{{Authority control|VIAF=211037507}}
<div class="references-small">
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
'''a.''' {{Note_label|A|a|none}}For the location of McNish's birth, see [http://www.multimap.com/map/browse.cgi?client=public&search_result=&db=pc&cidr_client=none&lang=&keepicon=true&pc=PA145EQ&advanced=&client=public&addr2=&quicksearch=pa14+5eq&addr3=&addr1= map].
| NAME = Gaborvski, Petur
 
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
'''b.''' {{Note_label|B|b|none}}There was little doubt as to his skill as a shipwright even before he was called upon for the modifications to the boats. He was never seen to take measurements, producing perfect work by eye. Macklin commented that all the work he did was first class, and even [[Thomas Orde-Lees]], who disliked him, grudgingly admitted he was an "expert wooden ship's man".<ref name="CA" />
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Bulgarian politician
 
| DATE OF BIRTH = July 9, 1898
'''c.''' {{Note_label|C|c|none}}"Mrs" Chippy was discovered to be a male a month after the voyage started, but by that time the name had stuck.
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Razgrad]], [[Kingdom of Bulgaria]]
 
| DATE OF DEATH = 1947-08-25
'''d.''' {{Note_label|D|d|none}}"Wife" in this source probably refers to Agnes Martindale, who was his partner but not his wife. McNish was already divorced by this time.
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]]
</div>
 
== Citations ==
{{reflist|2}}
 
== Further reading ==
{{Portal|Antarctica}}
 
* {{cite book|title=Mrs. Chippy's Last Expedition: The Remarkable Journal of Shackleton's Polar-Bound Cat|author=Caroline Alexander|publisher=Harper Paperbacks|year=1999|isbn=0-06-093261-9|page=176}} - an account of the expedition from the point of view of McNish's cat, Mrs Chippy. Many of the accounts of events are drawn from primary sources.
* {{cite web|publisher=Scottish Heritage|url=http://home.bendbroadband.com/scottishheritage/shackleton.html|title=Ernest Shackleton|accessdate=8 November 2006}} - an account of McNish's story told by "Mrs McNeish" (probably Agnes Martindale).
* [http://karorihistory.org.nz/stockade39_HarryMcNeish.htm An article by John Thomson].
 
{{featured article}}
{{Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition}}
 
{{Persondata
|NAME= McNish, Harry
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES= Harry McNeish; Harry Macnish; Henry McNeish; Henry McNish; Chippy
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=[[Port Glasgow]], Scotland [[carpenter]]
|DATE OF BIRTH=11 September 1874
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Port Glasgow]], Scotland
|DATE OF DEATH= 24 September 1930
|PLACE OF DEATH=[[Wellington]], New Zealand
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:GaborvskiMcNish, PeturHarry}}
[[Category:18981874 births]]
[[Category:19451930 deaths]]
[[Category:PeopleBritish fromMerchant RazgradNavy personnel]]
[[Category:Prime MinistersExplorers of BulgariaAntarctica]]
[[Category:RatniksImperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition]]
[[Category:BulgarianPeople lawyersfrom Port Glasgow]]
[[Category:BulgarianScottish politiciansemigrants to New Zealand]]
[[Category:ExecutedScottish politiciansexplorers]]
[[Category:ExecutedScottish prime ministerssailors]]
 
[[Category:Executed Bulgarian people]]
{{Link GA|es}}
[[Category:Holocaust perpetrators]]
{{Link GA|fr}}
[[Category:People executed by the People's Republic of Bulgaria]]
[[Category:The Holocaust in Bulgaria]]
[[Category:The Holocaust in Yugoslavia]]
[[Category:The Holocaust in Greece]]