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{{Infobox person
|name= Jean-Charles "JC" Helle
|image= Mcnish.png
|caption= Photo of McNish cropped from the 1914–1917 [[Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition]] crew photo.
|image_size=86x86px
|birth_date= {{birth date|1985|02|29|df=y}}
|birth_place= [[Port Glasgow]], [[Inverclyde]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]
|dead=alive
|death_date= {{-}}
|occupation= [[Segregator]]
|spouse= princess of aggregation
}}
'''Henry McNish''' (11 September 1874 – 24 September 1930), often referred to as '''Harry McNeish''' or by the nickname '''Chippy''', was the carpenter on Sir [[Ernest Shackleton]]'s [[Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition]] of 1914–1917. He was responsible for much of the work that ensured the crew's survival after their ship, the ''[[Endurance (1912 ship)|Endurance]]'', was destroyed when it became trapped in pack ice in the [[Weddell Sea]]. He modified the small boat, ''[[James Caird (boat)|James Caird]]'', that allowed Shackleton and five men (including McNish) to make a voyage of hundreds of miles to fetch help for the rest of the crew. He briefly refused to follow orders on the crew's long trek pulling the boats across the pack ice, and, despite his efforts during the journey, was one of only four of the crew not to receive the [[Polar Medal]].<ref name="South">{{cite book|title=South|author=Sir Ernest Shackleton|origyear=1919|year=1999|publisher=Penguin Books|location=Great Britain|isbn=978-0-14-028886-5|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/5199}}</ref>
After the expedition he returned to work in the [[British Merchant Navy|Merchant Navy]] and eventually emigrated to New Zealand, where he worked on the docks in [[Wellington, New Zealand|Wellington]] until poor health forced his retirement. He died destitute in the Ohiro Benevolent Home in Wellington.
== Early life ==
Harry "Chippy" McNish was born in 1874 in the former Lyons Lane near the present site of the library in [[Port Glasgow]], [[Renfrewshire]], Scotland.<ref name="GT">{{cite web|work=Greenock Telegraph|date=2006-10-19|url= http://www.greenocktelegraph.co.uk/articles/1/7672| title='Chippy' honoured|accessdate=13 September 2012}}</ref>{{Ref_label|A|a|none}} He was part of a large family, being the third of eleven children born to John and Mary Jane (née Wade) McNish. His father was a [[journeyman]] [[shoemaker]]. McNish held strong socialist views, was a member of the [[United Free Church of Scotland]] and detested bad language.<ref name="landl">{{cite web|url=http://www.visitandlearn.co.uk/factfiles05/obit21.asp|title=Endurance Obituaries: Henry McNish|publisher=Endurance Tracking project|year=2005|accessdate=9 November 2006|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060209192539/http://www.visitandlearn.co.uk/factfiles05/obit21.asp |archivedate = February 9, 2006|deadurl=yes}}</ref> He married three times: in 1895 to Jessie Smith, who died in February 1898; in 1898 to Ellen Timothy, who died in December 1904; and finally to Lizzie Littlejohn in 1907.
There is some confusion as to the correct spelling of his name. He is variously referred to as McNish,<ref name="JCS">{{cite web|publisher=The James Caird Society|date=2006-11-03|url=http://www.jamescairdsociety.com/latest.php|title=Shackleton news|accessdate=8 November 2006}}</ref> McNeish,<ref name="South"/> and in [[Alexander Macklin]]'s diary of the expedition, MacNish.<ref name="AM1">{{cite web|url=http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/library/archives/shackleton/images/p5062279.html|title=Virtual Shackleton: Alexander Macklin's diary, of Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition (page)|author=Alexander Hepburne Macklin|publisher=Scott Polar Research Institute|location=Cambridge, UK|date=2004-07-29|accessdate=9 November 2006}}</ref> The McNeish spelling is common, notably in Shackleton's and [[Frank Worsley]]'s accounts of the expedition and on McNish's headstone, but McNish is also widely used,<ref name="JCS" /><ref>{{cite web|publisher=American Museum of Natural History|year=2001|url=http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/past-exhibitions/shackleton/the-expedition/beset|title=The Expedition: Beset|accessdate=8 November 2006}} (Identifying the accompanying diary entry as being from the diary of Henry "Chippy" McNish)</ref> and appears to be the correct version.<ref name="USGG">{{cite web|url={{gnis3|type=antarid|9763}}|title=Antarctica Feature Detail: McNish Island|publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior: U.S. Geological Survey|date=1998-09-25|accessdate=9 November 2006}}</ref> On a signed copy of the expedition photo his signature appears as "H. MacNish", but his spelling is in general idiosyncratic, as revealed in the diary he kept throughout the expedition.<ref name="hurley">{{cite book|title=South With Endurance: Shackleton's Antarctic Expedition 1914–1917: The Photographs of Frank Hurley|pages=10–31|author=Tamiko Rex (ed.)|publisher=Bloomsbury|location=London|year=2001|isbn=0-7475-7534-7}}</ref> There also is a question regarding McNish's nickname. "Chippy" was a traditional nickname for a [[shipwright]];<ref name="RN">{{cite web|url=http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.3807|title=Navy Slang|publisher=Ministry of Defense/Royal Navy|year=2006|accessdate=17 November 2006}}{{dead link|date=September 2013}}</ref> both this and the shorter "Chips" (as in wood chips from carpentry) seem to have been used.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=The Antarctic Circle|date=2006-08-19|url=http://www.antarctic-circle.org/nicknames.htm|title=Some Antarctic Nicknames|accessdate=8 November 2006}}</ref>
== Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition ==
=== ''Endurance'' ===
The aim of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition was to be the first to cross the [[Antarctic]] [[continent]] from one side to the other. McNish was apparently attracted by Shackleton's advertisement for the expedition<ref name="PBS">{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/2906_shacklet.html|title=Transcript:Shackleton's Voyage of Endurance|publisher=PBS|date=2002-03-26|accessdate=8 November 2006}}</ref> (although there are doubts as to whether the advertisement ever appeared):<ref name="quote">{{cite web|url=http://www.antarctic-circle.org/advert.htm|title=Shackleton Quote|publisher=The Antarctic Circle|accessdate=17 November 2006}}</ref>
== Notes ==
<div class="references-small">
'''a.''' {{Note_label|A|a|none}}For the location of McNish's birth, see [http://www.multimap.com/map/browse.cgi?client=public&search_result=&db=pc&cidr_client=none&lang=&keepicon=true&pc=PA145EQ&advanced=&client=public&addr2=&quicksearch=pa14+5eq&addr3=&addr1= map].
'''b.''' {{Note_label|B|b|none}}There was little doubt as to his skill as a shipwright even before he was called upon for the modifications to the boats. He was never seen to take measurements, producing perfect work by eye. Macklin commented that all the work he did was first class, and even [[Thomas Orde-Lees]], who disliked him, grudgingly admitted he was an "expert wooden ship's man".<ref name="CA" />
'''c.''' {{Note_label|C|c|none}}"Mrs" Chippy was discovered to be a male a month after the voyage started, but by that time the name had stuck.
'''d.''' {{Note_label|D|d|none}}"Wife" in this source probably refers to Agnes Martindale, who was his partner but not his wife. McNish was already divorced by this time.
</div>
== Citations ==
{{reflist|2}}
== Further reading ==
{{Portal|Antarctica}}
* {{cite book|title=Mrs. Chippy's Last Expedition: The Remarkable Journal of Shackleton's Polar-Bound Cat|author=Caroline Alexander|publisher=Harper Paperbacks|year=1999|isbn=0-06-093261-9|page=176}} - an account of the expedition from the point of view of McNish's cat, Mrs Chippy. Many of the accounts of events are drawn from primary sources.
* {{cite web|publisher=Scottish Heritage|url=http://home.bendbroadband.com/scottishheritage/shackleton.html|title=Ernest Shackleton|accessdate=8 November 2006}} - an account of McNish's story told by "Mrs McNeish" (probably Agnes Martindale).
* [http://karorihistory.org.nz/stockade39_HarryMcNeish.htm An article by John Thomson].
{{featured article}}
{{Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition}}
{{Persondata
|NAME= McNish, Harry
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES= Harry McNeish; Harry Macnish; Henry McNeish; Henry McNish; Chippy
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=[[Port Glasgow]], Scotland [[carpenter]]
|DATE OF BIRTH=11 September 1874
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Port Glasgow]], Scotland
|DATE OF DEATH= 24 September 1930
|PLACE OF DEATH=[[Wellington]], New Zealand
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:McNish, Harry}}
[[Category:1874 births]]
[[Category:1930 deaths]]
[[Category:British Merchant Navy personnel]]
[[Category:Explorers of Antarctica]]
[[Category:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition]]
[[Category:People from Port Glasgow]]
[[Category:Scottish emigrants to New Zealand]]
[[Category:Scottish explorers]]
[[Category:Scottish sailors]]
{{Link GA|es}}
{{Link GA|fr}}
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